A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces covering a area, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are commonly utilized to hide floor and roof construction. They have been favoured spaces for decoration from the earliest periods: either by coating the plain surface, in featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or in treating it as a surface for an allover pattern of relief.
Little more than guesswork is understood of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were richly designed with relief and painting, as is found by the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the normal trend to employ structural aspects decoratively then adapted to the design of the beamed ceiling, for which big cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being strongly chamfered and molded and commonly painted in decorative colours.
During the Renaissance, ceiling design was progressed to its highest tip of individuality and difference. Three forms were furthered. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far exceeded their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges delicately carved and the field of every coffer flourished with a rosette. The second kind consisted of ceilings wholly or in parts vaulted, usually with arched intersections, with painted bands highlighting the architectural design and with pictures covering the remainder of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a great illustration of this. During the Baroque period, wondrous figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also brought in to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style demonstrate this. In the third form, which was particularly coined of Venice, the ceiling became one huge framed painting, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.
In modern architecture ceilings often are separated into two major kinds — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance underneath the structural members, some architects have attempted to cover super amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Many suspended ceilings feature a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to support plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.
Other architects, emphasizing the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, delight in revealing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Because of this inclination, many structural systems have been created that have a deliberate power in themselves and become admirable ceilings.
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