A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are often placed to hide floor and roof construction. They have been particular points for decoration from the earliest eras: either in coating the plain surface, in featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or in treating it as an area for an allover pattern of relief.

Only a little is known of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were richly designed with relief and painting, as is evidenced within the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the normal design to bring out structural parts decoratively then adapted to the instigation of the beamed ceiling, for which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being thickly chamfered and molded and often painted in bright colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was progressed to its highest peak of originality and variety. Three types were elaborated. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the complex design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far exceeded their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were created, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer marked with a rosette. The second form consisted of ceilings wholly or in parts vaulted, usually with arched intersections, with painted bands highlighting the architectural design and with pictures covering the rest of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime illustration of this. During the Baroque period, wondrous figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style illustrate this. In the third sort, which was especially found of Venice, the ceiling became one huge framed picture, like in the Doges’ Palace.

In contemporary architecture ceilings often are split into two major types — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance under the structural members, some architects have attempted to cover super amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Many suspended ceilings use a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold up plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, emphasizing the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in revealing the mechanical and electrical equipment. From this design, some structural systems have been put in place that have a deliberately expressive power in themselves and make desirable ceilings.

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